{"id":14439,"date":"2026-08-16T15:46:29","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T14:46:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scienceetpratique.com\/?p=14439"},"modified":"2026-08-17T15:49:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T14:49:48","slug":"14439","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scienceetpratique.com\/?p=14439","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \ufe8d\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\ufe8d\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\ufead<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f<\/strong> \ufe8d\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0645\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\ufea9<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \ufe83\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/strong> \u0641\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f<\/strong> \ufe8d\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0645\u0646\u060c<\/strong> \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/strong> \ufeed\ufe83\u0637\u0627\ufedd<\/strong><\/span> \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u2217<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a030 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1448\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u064413 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0641<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0647 — \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631)\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062d \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0635\u063a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 — \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2003\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u2013 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u2013\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 (\u0633\u0627\u0646-\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 3) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2005-2007\u0645)<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0630\u0644\u0643 — \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0647 — \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639.<\/span>
\n\u062b\u0645 \u0622\u0628 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2008\u0645) \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 2\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2012\u0645). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 2008 \u06482012\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0646\u0639 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 2009 \u06482011\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 (\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 (\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0651\u062c\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 2 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2015\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2023\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u00ab<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a-\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong>\u00bb<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062c\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 — \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0623\u0628\u0647 — \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (2001\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u00ab<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/strong>\u00bb (Science et Pratique)<\/strong>\u060c \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 — \u0631\u062c\u0644\u064c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064f\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064d\u0651<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u00ab<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u00bb<\/strong>\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641 — \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0647\u0648 — \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 — \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n

\ufd3f\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\ufd3e<\/strong> ]\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646: 79<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0649 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f\u064c \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (2017(<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (2024(<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 (2025(<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0629 (2005(<\/span>
\n\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 (2005(<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628\u061f(<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (2024(<\/span>
\n\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0629 (2006)<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 (2007(<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 (2008(<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 (2012(<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (2017 (<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 (2017(<\/span>
\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d (2017\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 2021(<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 (2024(<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f (2024(<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 (2024(<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 (2024)<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a (2024(<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0636\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 — \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 — \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u0623\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0628\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u2217<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

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30 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1448\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u064413 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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